The Rubab, also known as Rabab, is a beautifully hand-crafted instrument with a rich cultural background in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Its melodic sound has been cherished by musicians for centuries, making it an essential part of both modern and traditional music.

Rubab, also spelled Rabab, is a stringed musical instrument with a history that remains shrouded in mystery. While many have their own stories and theories about its origin, none are completely conclusive. One famous tale, found in the story of Adam Khan and Durkhane, speaks of the mesmerizing sound of Rubab played by Adam Khan, which captivated Durkhane’s heart.

Although its precise history is unclear, there are many speculations surrounding its origin. According to some scholars, Guru Nanak Shah Faqeer is said to have invented the Rubab. Ancient texts suggest that the Rubab may be a modified form of the Veena, a traditional instrument from the Indian subcontinent. This theory implies that the Rubab has roots in Aryan culture. Other experts believe that Tansen, a famous musician from the Mughal Court of Akbar in India (1556–1605), was a master of the Rubab.

The Rubab was brought to India from the Middle East, with Tansen being one of the first musicians to introduce it to the Mughal court. As time passed, the instrument became an integral part of the musical landscape of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and North India.

Celebrated Rababists and the Cultural Significance of Rubab

Rababists, or Rubab maestros, have shaped the cultural importance of this instrument over time. Some of the earliest known Rababists come from the Sikh tradition, with Mardana, a musician from the Mirasi caste, being the first rababist. His son, Shahzada, followed in his footsteps. Other famous rababists include Satta, Balwand, and Hamad Baksh.

In Afghanistan, the Rubab has been an essential part of traditional music for centuries. Prominent Afghan Rababists include Muhammad Umar, Hamayoun Sakhi, and Fazal Ahmad. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, players like Amjad Malang, Waqar Atal, and Master Izhar have kept the tradition of Rubab alive.

A Hand-Crafted Instrument of Tradition

Historically, the Rubab has been crafted by hand using king mulberry wood (shah tut). It consists of three main wooden parts: the body, fingerboard, and head. While the body of the Rubab is covered with animal skin, the fingerboard is often intricately decorated with mother-of-pearl, featuring designs such as trees, leaves, flowers, and birds.

Previously, Rubabs were made without the use of machines. However, as of 2021, M. Sohail, the author of “My Rubab v3,” pioneered the use of 3D printing and CNC technology to create Rubabs. This shift marks a new chapter in the instrument’s history, transforming its production while preserving its unique sound.

The Evolution of Rubab’s Strings

The Rubab has undergone several changes over the years. Traditionally, it had six strings, which were later reduced to four and eventually three. The strings, once made of gut, are now made from heavy-duty nylon fishing line. Additionally, the Rubab includes two or three drone strings and up to fifteen or more sympathetic strings, which are usually made of metal. These strings produce the echoing sound that makes the Rubab so distinct.

The Growing Popularity of Rubab

Although the Rubab has deep roots in Afghan and Pakistani culture, its popularity is growing worldwide. Musicians from across the globe are discovering the unique sound of the Rubab, bringing this traditional instrument into modern music. Whether plucked by seasoned professionals or beginners, the Rubab continues to captivate audiences with its soulful melodies.